Articles related toObstetrics/Gynecology

Management remains controversial due to the risk of upgrade for malignancy from flat epithelial atypia (FEA). Data about the frequency and malignancy upgrade rates are scant. Namely, observational follow-up is advised by many studies in cases of pure FEA on core biopsy and in the absence of an additional surgical excision. For cases of pure FEA, the American College of Surgeons no longer recommends surgical excision but rather recommends observation with clinical and imaging follow-up. The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to calculate the pooled upgrade of pure FEA following core needle biopsies.

Extensive benefits of breastfeeding have been identified and although many women initiate breastfeeding, discontinuation is common when problems arise. In this article, the authors review the pertinent anatomy of the breast with osteopathic considerations to help osteopathic physicians identify myofascial, vascular, lymphatic, or innervation somatic dysfunctions to support the breastfeeding mothers’ long term breastfeeding goals, optimize breastmilk supply, and potentially prevent or treat problems that could interfere with lactation.